As women age, their bodies produce less oestrogen and progesterone, the main hormones involved in female reproduction.

When these hormones reach a low enough level, a woman will permanently stop having a menstrual cycle.

Menopause officially begins 12 months after a woman’s last period. Most women begin menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, with an average age of 51 but for some women, menopause comes early.

Why an early menopause?

The most common reason for early menopause is a hysterectomy which is a surgically imposed menopause.

However there can be other causes and if you’re between the ages of 35 and 45 and have missed your period for three months or more is this early or premature menopause?

Early menopause is one that begins between the ages of 40 and 45 and premature menopause starts even earlier, before age 40.

You may hear it referred to “premature ovarian failure” or “primary ovarian insufficiency ”  and more commonly used for younger women going through menopause.

Early menopause is relatively uncommon and premature menopause is even less common, with only about 1 in 100 of women going through menopause before age 40 in the UK.

What are the symptoms of early menopause?

The symptoms of early menopause are similar to regular menopause but some common symptoms include:

• irregular periods
• absence of periods (amenorrhea)
• hot flushes
• night sweats
• vaginal dryness
• moodiness
• mental fogginess
• decreased sex drive

If you haven’t had your period in three or more months, you should see your doctor. There are many reasons why you might not get your period besides menopause, such as:

• stress
• pregnancy
• illness
• change in diet or exercise
• response to a medication or contraceptive

What are the causes of early menopause?

Early or premature menopause can happen for two reasons: follicle depletion or follicle dysfunction.

When these occur, eggs don’t mature or get released, causing a woman’s period to stop. These processes are considered normal when they occur later in life.

If they occur early, your doctor will want to check for an underlying cause.

Follicle depletion and dysfunction can happen for a variety of reasons:

• Ageing. The risks of early menopause rise after age 35.
• Family history. Being related to women who have a history of early or premature menopause may raise your risk.
• Genetic disorders. Having abnormal chromosomes or genes, as occurs in Turner syndrome or Fragile X syndrome.
• Toxins. Exposure to chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy used to treat cancer can affect onset of menopause.
• Autoimmune conditions. When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s hormone-producing organs, it can sometimes affect the ovaries.
• Infection. Having certain infections such as the mumps virus.
• Surgery. Procedures to remove the ovaries (bilateral oophorectomy) or uterus (hysterectomy) may cause early menopause.

How is it diagnosed?

Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and your menstrual cycle and any history of exposure to toxins, such as chemotherapy and radiation treatments.

They usually do a physical exam and perform a pregnancy test as well as testing your blood for certain hormones, including: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol, prolactin, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH).

If relevant they can also test your DNA for the genetic causes of early or premature menopause

What are the complications?

Early and premature menopause can increase your chance of developing other conditions. These include:

• Infertility. Most women going through early or premature menopause cannot get pregnant.
• Stress, anxiety, and depression. These mood changes often result from infertility and other early menopause health issues.
• Bone loss (osteoporosis): Osteoporosis is caused by low progesterone and oestrogen levels and leaves women more at-risk of bone fractures.

What are my options for treatment?

Your doctor will recommend a treatment based on your individual requirements but some common treatments for early or premature menopause include:

HRT with oestrogen and synthetic progestins, and supplements of calcium and vitamin D. HRT and its progestins are not without their own side effects and several types may be suggested before finding one that you can tolerate.

The best balance may be oestrogen and bioidentical progesterone or a combined progesterone oestrogen cream such as 20-1.

The calcium and vitamin D can help prevent osteoporosis if you aren’t getting enough of these nutrients from your diet, but a specific osteoporosis supplement is more helpful as it has additional essential ingredients such as vitamin K2, silica and boron.

Although the optimal intake has not been clearly established in premenopausal osteoporosis 1000 mg of calcium (total of diet and supplement) and 600 international units of vitamin D daily are generally suggested.

Helpful information: 

Several of the conditions associated with early menopause benefit from progesterone or progesterone and oestrogen supplementation if needed.

It specifically can help with reducing risks for heart disease, hormonal cancers and osteoporosis.

If early Menopause is related to a hysterectomy, then this article can be helpful.

What Hormones Do You Need After A Hysterectomy?