It seems that largazole, the key component, is an effective bone remedy with lots of potential and is also an effective anti-cancer treatment, according to earlier research.  This is not such a new idea as you might think. Reports indicate that components similar to largazole are already used in a variety of popular medications. Bacteria containing such substances come from various trees, plants, soil, and animals. But the recent discovery of the substance in the coral reefs of Key Largo offers added potential as scientists were able to identify key cell regeneration properties in this particular variety of the substance that were previously unknown.

Largazole’s ability to reprogram cells can also be exploited for tissue regeneration, and extensive testing on its ability to regenerate bones came up with some amazing findings.  Largazone initiates the process of osteogenesis in the body, which is when the body begins not only to repair damaged bones but also to grow new bone tissue.  At the same time as it performs this function, largazole also prevents bones from breaking down and being reabsorbed back into the body. The implications of this dual effect are highly promising for people who suffer from bone fractures, osteoporosis, and other bone diseases.

It is still a long way off from being an effective solution, but certainly adds to the knowledge bank we are acquiring on dealing with bone degradation and osteoporosis.

The study focused on Pill use by 14 to 18-year-old teenagers and looked at how bone density might change when a woman stops using the Pill. Delia Scholes, PhD, led the study and said that as hormones are a key component of bone health it made sense to study hormonal contraceptives. These are a major source of external hormones for women and the Pill is the most common birth control method worldwide.

A woman’s risk of fractures later in life is influenced by the bone mass she gains in her teens and her 20s, and this age group has the highest use of oral contraceptives. The study’s researchers measured hip, spine, and whole-body bone densities in 301 teenagers aged 14-18, and in 305 young adult women aged 19-30. They measured the bone densities of 389 participants using oral contraceptives with the two most commonly prescribed estrogen doses in Pills: 20-25 micrograms and 30-35 micrograms. These were compared to 217 similar women who were not using this method of contraception. Bone density measurements were taken at the start of the study, and every 6 months for 2 to 3 years. During that time, 172 oral contraceptive users stopped taking the medication, allowing the researchers to measure bone changes after Pill use was discontinued.

They found that after two years, teens who used the 30-35 microgram Pills showed about 1% less gain in bone density at both the spine and whole body sites than teens who did not use hormonal contraceptives. Any differences in bone density between users and non-users of oral contraceptives were less than 2%, and were seen only after two or more years of use, and only at some measured sites. At 12-24 months after stopping, young adult women who used either Pill dose showed small bone density losses at the spine compared to small gains in women who did not take oral contraceptives.

This may seem like a small loss of bone, but its impact in later life could be considerable. The researchers found that additional studies are needed, including looking at bone changes for a longer time after Pill use is discontinued so they can more accurately evaluate how oral contraceptive use is related to fracture risk.

For any young woman with a family history of osteoporosis, this finding is significant in terms of making a sensible contraceptive choice that will not adversely affect their long-term bone health. Additionally, taking extra precautions to optimise bone strength such as weight bearing exercise and ensuring progesterone levels are adequate would be a sensible plan throughout the teens and twenties.

Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are critically important to health because they affect the metabolism of every cell in the body. Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism of glucose to release energy, as well as affecting protein synthesis and metabolism of fats.

Because the body creates thyroid hormones by using iodine, a healthy level of iodine in the diet is important. As well as being vital for general metabolism, there is also evidence that iodine in the diet can help in avoiding cancer.

This study was done at the Women’s College Research Institute in Toronto, where researchers looked at 213,500 people aged 70 or over. Patients in the study received at least one prescription for levothyroxine (the synthetic hormone) between 2002 and 2007. Results showed a significantly increased risk of fracture in people who were either taking or had recently taken levothyroxine.

As people grow older, there is a greater likelihood of diminished levels of thyroid hormones, with possibly as many as 20% of older people receiving treatment for hypothyroidism. But as doctors treat the disease by administering hormones, one of the possible side effects is a decrease in bone density. In some cases, bone density may reach the point that broken bones become more likely.

A researcher from the British Medical Journal study said that the condition needs more study, as not enough is known about the link between thyroid hormone and bone density in the elderly. A study published in 2010 on the link in elderly men did not find a decrease in bone density, but a study the same year in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism did find such a link in postmenopausal women. A 2010 review article looking at drug-induced osteoporosis also noted high doses of thyroxine as a possible cause of low bone density in postmenopausal women.

Women who are receiving hormone therapy should have hormone levels checked regularly, to see that levels do not grow too high, or for that matter too low. Some patients may not wish to take hormones acquired from animals, but the synthetic form of the hormone, levothyroxine, like any artificial drug, has the potential for side-effects.

A history of irregular periods, over strenuous exercise or going on crash diets can serve as an early warning to take care of your bones. If you are on the small side, with small bones, and under 130 pounds you have less bone mass to begin with, so need to be particularly vigilant. about their bone health.

A diet deficient in vitamin D and calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin K, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 also constitute a higher risk as all are important to bone growth.  If you drink a lot of caffeine and carbonated drinks that also increases the risk, particularly caffeine as it limits how well your body absorbs calcium.

Now it seems there is a new risk as recent research led by Hiroshi Takayanagi, at Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan, has suggested that the imbalance between bone formation and bone destruction that causes osteoporosis is a result of a decrease in formation of bone forming osteoblast cells from mesenchymal cells upon aging.

This research was done on mice, not humans, but they believe this provides insight into this decrease and might provide new avenues of research for those developing approaches to treat age-related osteoporosis.

Aging disrupts many of the body’s systems and not it seems it disrupts the balance between bone formation and bone destruction, resulting in osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduced bone mass and increased risk of fracture.  This research has highlighted as we get older that there is a decrease in formation of bone forming osteoblast cells from mesenchymal cells and instead, these cells form more fat cells.

Most of us we have more fat cells as we get older, but very few will realised its potential effect on osteoporosis. Laurie McCauley, at the University of Michigan, who commented on the research, believes this data could lead to new approaches to treat age-related osteoporosis.

Assessing this as a new risk factor was the study’s lead author, Miriam A. Bredella, M.D., a radiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and assistant professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School in Boston.  Obesity in itself is of course a health problem worldwide, particularly in the West, with approximately 72 million American adults considered obese: this is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.

Just as not all snow is the same when it comes to disrupting the trains, not all body fat is identical either. Subcutaneous fat lies just below the skin, and visceral or intra-abdominal fat is located deep under the muscle tissue in the abdominal cavity. Genetics, diet and exercise are all contributors to the level of visceral fat that is stored in the body and it is considered particularly dangerous, because in previous studies it has been associated with increased risk for heart disease.

I should say upfront that this is a small study as they only evaluated the abdominal subcutaneous, visceral and total fat, as well as bone marrow fat and bone mineral density, in 50 premenopausal women with a mean BMI of 30.   However, the imaging revealed that women with more visceral fat had increased bone marrow fat and decreased bone mineral density but there was no significant correlation between either subcutaneous fat or total fat and bone marrow fat or bone mineral density.

If you tend to put on your weight around your hips, as opposed to your belly, then aesthetically you may not like it, but it not as detrimental to bone health as having more superficial fat or fat around the hips.

While osteopororosis bone loss is more common in women, men are certainly not exempt and so the research team is currently conducting a study to determine whether belly fat is also a risk factor for bone loss in men.

Professor John Kanis, President of the IOF wants to draw both the public and the media’s attention to this critical situation. He said “The widespread under-diagnosis and lack of treatment of spinal fractures, leaves millions of people around the world with chronic pain, deformity, disability and at high risk of future fractures.”  The repercussions of these common fractures can be severe, resulting in stooped back, acute and chronic back pain, loss of height, immobility, depression, increased number of bed days, reduced pulmonary function and even premature death.

‘The Breaking Spine’, authored by Professor Harry K. Genant of the University of California and Dr. Mary Bouxsein of Harvard Medical School, reveals the serious impact of these fractures and calls on health professionals to take action to diagnose patients and refer them for treatment. “Doctors must look out for evidence of spinal fractures, especially in their patients over 50 — stooped back, loss of height, and sudden, severe back pain are the three tell-tale signs, says Professor Genant. “It is essential that doctors refer these patients for further testing and that radiology reports clearly identify spinal fractures as ‘FRACTURED’ to avoid ambiguity.” Currently, only about 40% of older women with spinal fractures visible on X-ray are tested for osteoporosis. The figure is even lower in men (less than 20%).

This report refers t the US, but the situation is just as critical in Europe

This has certainly been successful for many women in helping them to lose weight but it now appears that particularly for menopausal and postmenopausal women it could cause problems in terms of bone loss.

New research from Purdue University published online in the Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences has established a link between such diets and an increased likelihood of bone loss leading to osteoporosis. Currently, 1 in 3 women and one in 12 over the age of 50 suffer from osteoporosis. And osteoarthritis affects around 8 million people in the UK over the age of 40.

It is known that when overweight, postmenopausal women reduce their energy intake to successfully lose weight, they can lose less lean body mass if they consume higher amounts of protein particularly of lean meats, such as pork, beef and chicken, in their diet. Wayne W. Campbell, professor of foods and nutrition at Purdue, stated that they also found that “these older women lost bone mineral density faster than women who consumed normal protein diets that did not contain any meats. This finding is of concern for this age group as they are more susceptible to osteoporosis.”

These studies are only small in scale. The first one studied 28 women’s individual daily diets which they then reduced by 750 calories to achieve a one-and-one-half-pound weight loss each week for 12 weeks. The  women ranged in age from 43-80 with 15 on meat-free diets with protein from vegetarian, dairy and egg sources, and this made up 18 percent of each woman’s energy intake. This amount of protein was comparable to the recommended dietary allowance of 0.36 grams of protein per pound of body weight per day.

The diets for the other 13 women included 30 percent of energy from protein with 40 percent of the protein from lean meats and 60 percent of the protein from vegetarian, dairy and eggs. The good news is that the women, on average, lost about 19 pounds each, but unfortunately those who ate the higher-protein, meat-containing, diet lost bone mineral density as well.

The second study was larger and consisted of 43 postmenopausal women who each ate a 1,250-calorie diet for nine weeks. All participants consumed the same 1,000-calorie vegetarian diet, but 15 women also received 250 calories from chicken breast meat, 14 women received 250 calories from beef and 14 women received 250 calories from shortbread cookies and sugar-coated chocolates.

Although the cookie and chocolate part of the diet certainly sounds more like my kind of calories, what this study produced was that again all of the women who ate the energy-reduced diets successfully lost weight, but the groups that consumed the higher-protein meat-containing diets also lost bone mineral density compared to the control group.

Certainly losing weight is a good goal if you are overweight, but it does seem that specifically for older women who may be overweight and menopausal that the protein diet is not perhaps the healthiest way to go. Research shows that older women are at risk of losing bone when they lose weight, and if you have any concerns about osteoporosis – or family history of it – then you might want to consider a vegetarian high protein diet or another regime that will lose the weight without losing the bone mass.

A very simple self-help tip is to get on those boots and walk every day as it is one of the best methods of helping build up bone mass and avoiding painful conditions like arthritis.

Another factor to bear in mind is that both of these studies were relatively short at just nine and 12 weeks respectively so it is not possible to say definitively what the long-term effect of high protein diets might be if they had studied this over a longer period.

With osteoporosis your bones become fragile and brittle and so are easily broken. As more severe bone loss occurs, then even minor accidents can result in fractures, most frequently in the spine, wrist, hip and pelvis. If the condition becomes advanced, and is untreated, then the vertebrae of the spine are prone to compression fractures, which affect surrounding nerves and organs. This also results in a loss of height for which the old nickname was ‘the dowager’s hump’ as it was frequently seen in the bent over posture of old ladies. It is also accompanied by chronic pain.

Risk Factors
Women are four times more likely than men to develop osteoporosis, and women over 55 are the most susceptible, although younger women can also be at risk depending on certain factors. It has also more recently been seen that more men are being diagnosed with osteoporosis. It is hard to know whether this is because they are now more susceptible because of the increased hormone levels in the water and food chain, or because they have not been diagnosed. As the greatest number of cases are seen in women, many doctors have not thought to link broken bones in men to osteoporosis. A simple scan by ultrasound can diagnose this and if a man is subject to bones breaking more easily then this would be a good check to make.

Knowing your medical history is important as osteoporosis often runs in families, but if this is not the case for you then it is the declining hormone levels as we age that are an important factor in whether or not you develop osteoporosis,. Both oestrogen and progesterone are essential for bone building and production of both these slow down as we get older. Normal bone tissue is broken down by cells called osteoclasts (a process which needs oestrogen) and rebuilt by osteoblasts. (which needs progesterone). As we age, the rate at which the bone is broken down exceeds that at which it is built up and this leads to bone loss.

It can also affect younger women who have had a surgical menopause through having a hysterectomy and also anyone who has undertaken severe dieting or has a history of anorexia or bulimia. There is a severe mineral loss involved in these conditions and during the teens and twenties and this can do permanent damage to the bones.

There are a number of ways to deal with osteoporosis and three of the important ones in the prevention and management of this condition are stress management, diet and exercise. Low levels of exercise can make the condition worse, and there are many good books on nutrition on this subject, but it will certainly be worsened by a diet high in animal protein, too much salt, heavy metal toxicity, cigarettes, numerous pregnancies and prolonged breast feeding.

Being aware of your own risk factors will enable you to take charge of your health and minimise the effect osteoporosis may have on you.

Sadly, women with POF are also run a much higher risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, memory loss, and a higher risk of premature death. The usual treatment that is offered is replacement hormone treatment from either the contraceptive pill or HRT. Both of these medications carry a higher risk of risk of stroke, heart disease and breast cancer as well the unpleasant side effects many women suffer when taking them. .

Now a small study done in Scotland has found that young women with ovarian failure would benefit from taking natural bio-identical hormones rather than synthetic ones and certainly safer for them than taking the contraceptive pill to try and improve their condition.

The women in the study were given an oestradiol patch (a natural oestrogen) and either vaginal or oral progesterone, not a synthetic progestogen. The doses of progesterone (200mg) and oestradiol (0.10 mg) that were given daily are quite high, but it was found that on the natural hormone regime the women’s’ blood pressure went down and their kidney function improved significantly.

The Scottish study believe that the success of the treatment was down to the transdermal delivery of the hormones and the fact they did not have any of the side effects you would expect from using synthetic hormones.

One other benefit for women using natural progesterone for POF instead of being given either the contraceptive pill or HRT is that they get the bone-building benefit of natural progesterone and are so more protected from osteoporosis which does not occur when the synthetic hormones are given.

There are any number of reasons why you may be vulnerable for either condition and some may well relate to health problems you might have had in the past like anorexia, but there could also be other factors affecting your bones right now.

The good news is that both osteoporosis and osteopenia can be treated and your bone strength can be improved by both slowing the breakdown of old bone and, at the same time, building up new strong bone.

There are three important things that you have to consider if you want to improve your bones. These are:-

1 – Taking supplements to make sure that your bones have the correct nutrients in the right balance to build strong new bone.
2 – Regularly taking weight bearing exercise
3 – Checking that your oestrogen/progesterone hormone balance is favourable for the building up of new bone

Supplements:

It used to be thought that we only needed calcium and vitamins D, C and K to build our bones, but this is not true as many nutrients are needed. Yes, we do need calcium but it must be combined with an equal amount of magnesium so that the calcium can be properly used by the bones. If there is too much calcium to magnesium in your diet then it can be deposited in your joints and arteries which you certainly want to avoid . Boron, zinc and silica in small amounts will help to build strong bone as well as the benefits from the Omega 3 Fatty acids.

Rather than taking all these separately there are a number of supplements that have these already combined for you on the market that will contain most of the items here but you will need to take the vitamin C and the Omega 3 separately. It is a good idea to consult a nutritionist so you can have an individual programme designed for you.

Weight-bearing exercise:
There are many options for this, but any exercise that puts impact through your bones is effective. Whatever you choose to do, make sure it is something you enjoy so that you will regularly keep it up. You can go to the gym, play tennis, dance, skip, walk briskly gym or try something different like tai chi or yoga. Another benefit of exercise if you are vulnerable to osteoporosis is that it keeps you supple and so you are less likely to fall and risk breaking a bone.

Hormone balance:
It is a fallacy to believe that it is only oestrogen that is needed for healthy bones. In reality all oestrogen can do is slow bone breakdown, and it certainly cannot help build up new strong bone. HRT is often suggested to help with osteoporosis, but the problem here is that the oestrogen will slow down bone breakdown, but he bone only stays there while you take the oestrogen in the HRT. When you stop, then you lose all the retained bone and a further problem is that even if you keep taking oestrogen over time, this retained bone becomes old and brittle.

The only hormone that helps to build up new strong bone is progesterone, and that is not to be confused with the chemical progestogen found in the contraceptive pill and HRT.

Drugs for osteoporosis:
There are certain drugs such as Fosamex that slow bone breakdown, and these can be useful if you have severe osteoporosis, but the problem is the same as with oestrogen. They only have an effect while you take them and this is reversed when you stop. Also the retained bone becomes old and brittle.

There are other osteoporosis drugs that contain strontium, but there is considerable debate about its benefits, either as a medication or a supplement. It makes the bones appear denser on x-rays but this does not necessarily mean they are stronger. It does this because it is a chemical that has a higher atomic weight than calcium and shows up more densely on x-rays.

Last word:
The most important thing to remember if you are diagnosed with either osteopenia or osteoporosis is that there is no need to panic. New strong bone can be built up and your bones can be improved. It is not just a case of preventing the condition from worsening, but taking positive action to ensure the best possible conditions for building new, strong and healthy bone.